thank you for starting this thread. i would love to play more games like Inscryption, I’m not familiar with the others that you mentioned but looked several of them up (I have played a few things similar to tormenture but that looks way more on the nose with what you are after here) Those all look great! I would say this is more of a genre than a trope (the trope would be ‘meta’? the genre meta-mechanical?)
Not quite what you are after it seems but it seems that some VR games explore some unusual mechanics where you are doing different things at once in different ways. So far my favorite example has been Hellblade: Senua’s Sacrifice. As you walk around you will hear different shifting audio tracks and see different things. Its essentially a First-person puzzle game where your perception is altered to simulate schizophrenia and you have to use a combination of movement and sensory input to solve them. Another VR game that my friend has played called A Fisherman’s Tale and recommended to me that sounds a lot like this. You basically will move around and do things (its a puzzle-adventure game) and it will affect a smaller version of a game world. (it’s meta-mechanic is that you do things on a large scale and they solve puzzles on a little, smaller scale) (Indika is similar to this idea, yes, its a good recommendation because some of the puzzles do have these meta-mechanical approaches, but most of the time it’s usually a meta-narrative or fourth wall breaking approach or gimmick) Which is not what you are specifically after here. Stanley’s Parable also has meta-narrative and fourth wall breaking narration but also has some met-mechanical aspects and seems like a lot closer and is mentioned in a review of The Magic Circle I see.
I want to mention ActRaiser for SNES because this is maybe the earliest title I can dredge up from memory that explores this in any capacity. While it doesn’t have an overtly meta-mechanical design, the game features two-modes (or metas) of play that it will alternate between: a side-scrolling action sequence and then a simulation mode where you play the role of a civ building god. Your success in one mode can affect the difficulty and progress in the other. I played it a few years ago, and it struck me as really cool. It’s a very Simple-Simon example and probably not what you are looking for but I’d say its the foundation stone of this genre and what it has become.
It’s not what you are looking for either but Undertale deserves a mention here at at least. as the ending is notable in how it manages to achieve this, lol. (There are also a lot of stupid (IMO) typing games that would qualify for this genre too like Typing of the Dead. I know I’m being super-geeky here but it needs to be mentioned for completeness here, as these are all interesting applications of meta-mechanical shifts in game design) 
I’m just curious, have you tried Fez? Would that count? did you like it? It’s probably my first experience with anything like this, and when I played it it kind of blew me away… I am sure that has gone on to inspire a LOT of games that include a mechanic or two here and there where they deviate from the core game play. It feels like an earlier version of the same genre. In this game, puzzles often have new introductory mechanics that they throw at you. Since the release of FEZ, There are a lot of games that do this but in a much lighter or more episodic manner… (Edith Fitch, Blair Witch, Journey, Oxenfree most of the supergiant games) all of which you also aren’t after, but it still deserves mention anyway (and Fez deserves probably anyone’s attention who is after this sort of thing in general)
I do think you would like The Stanley Parable I particularly enjoyed Stanley. I think that’s the best place for anyone to start. Its closer to what you’re after, and resembles what I can see Tormenture doing (You will repeat levels, the game will mess with you in different ways, etc) I can’t vouch for the Magic Circle but it seems that the narration and tone is maybe Stanley-inspired even.
You would also probably like The Beginner’s Guide which is like a short watered-down version of Stanley. (I forget how I played it. Think it was a half-life 2 mod i had to dredge up and cobble together to get working)
I’ve played a lot of first person adventure puzzle games or narrative thingies and
The Talos Principle and The Ancient city sort of do this sort of branchy thingies or the occasional meta or meta-mechanical twist as well from what I can recall but to a lesser degree. They are both very good puzzle/adventure games (the former leans mostly on puzzle the latter more so an adventure)
Broken Reality is kind of like this too. It feels like an almost ‘Metroid’ type approach to the mechanics changes in Inscryption, to gate your progress and features levels and segments that vary considerably, but in what you do and how you do it. (I loved this one) There’s also Hypnospace Outlaw which does a few things that were very different from anything else I’ve seen. Loop Hero doesn’t really do this but in some ways reminded me of the same kinda ‘thinking and strategy’ you do in Inscryption (Great game worth checking out)
Lakeview Cabin Collection has bits in it that the Tormenture trailer reminded me of. (Again, its not as heavy handed as that.) I still bet you’d enjoy it.
A really interesting gem is Arcade Paradise It’s an arcade management sim where you can play the games in your arcade. The games themselves are essentially minigames but several of them have a connection or theme to the main game. I wish it went more heavy-handed with what you’re describing, but it’s still quite good. People who like these kinds of games would probably like that.
This sort of thing is pretty common in a lot of these retrogamer revival/styles.
The Messenger is the most recent one I played and it introduces elements into the game that you’d probably like.
There are a few games out there that look like Among Ashes. That game looks awesome and like it’s inspired by a combination of Cruelty Squad and P.T. (There are several games you can access that are P.T. derivations but i forget the titles of the ones i’ve played)
You would probably like SuperHot Mind Control Delete and maybe even A Dark Room (if you can find it, not sure what that genre would even be)
I’ve done my best to keep descriptions brief and not spoil anything on why i recommend these games. thank you to any who contribute. 
like if you die in the game you get your account deleted lol.